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Explore our database of industry knowledge that fuels innovation, learning, and professional growth. Knowledge Hub is a collection of conference technical papers, webinars, presentations, on-demand video and more. You can search by author, title, keyword and type of content. You can also search for keywords and topics in the Tag field. Access to Knowledge Hub is reserved for members.
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Challenges on ENEPIG Finished PCBs: Gold Ball Bonding and Pad Metal Lift
As a surface finish for PCBs,Electroless Nickel/Electroless Palladium/Immersion Gold (ENEPIG) was selected over Electroless Nickel/Immersion Gold (ENIG) for CMOS image sensor applications with
.. read more
Manufacturability and Reliability Screening of Lower Melting Point Pb-Free Alloys Containing Bi
This paper is the first of two papers discussing the Celestica/Honeywell Lower Melt Alloy program. The program explores the manufacturability and reliability for Pb-freethree Bi-containing allo
.. read more
Quantitative Analysis of Corrosion Resistance for Electroless Ni-P Plating
An electroless nickel (EN) layer is frequently used in various industrial applications. Commonly it is used as the barrier layer in electroless nickel/immersion gold (ENIG) as a solderability p
.. read more
Testing Intermetallic Fragility on Enig upon Addition of Limitless Cu
As reliability requirements increase,especially for defense and aerospace applications,the need to characterize components used in electronic assembly also increases. OEM and EMS companies look
.. read more
Is the ENIG Process Evil,or is it Maybe QA,Engineer or Sales Guy?
The case of processing issues with Electroless Nickel/Immersion Gold (ENIG) is well documented,even as it endures as a very popular surface finish. Certainly the market says that quality ENIG h
.. read more
Detailed Analysis of Impedance and Loss versus Frequency for Transmission Lines Made From Flexible Circuit Materials
With the emergence of high speed,controlled impedance circuits requiring increasingly tight tolerances,there is a realization among designers and fabricators that more precise data is needed th
.. read more
The Application of Spherical Bend Testing to Predict Safe Working Manufacturing Process Strains
The increased temperatures associated with lead free processes have produced significant challenges for PWB laminates.
Newly developed laminates have different curing processes,are commonly fil
.. read more
Wire Bonding and Soldering on Enepig and Enep Surface Finishes with Pure Pd- Layers
As a surface finish,electroless nickel / electroless palladium / immersion gold (ENEPIG) has received increased attention
for both packaging/IC-substrate and PWB applications. With a lower gold
.. read more
Corrosion Resistance of Different PCB Surface Finishes in Harsh Environments
Corrosion resistance is becoming one of the most important topics in the electronics industry. Corrosion results in field
failures and huge losses,which annually total several billion U.S. doll
.. read more
Nanotechnology for Lead-Free PWB Final Finishes with Organic Metal
The use of an Organic Metal finish only a few nano-meters deposited onto copper pads of printed circuit boards provides effective protection against oxidation and preserves solderability. The N
.. read more
Achieving High Reliability Low Cost Lead-Free SAC Solder Joints Via Mn Or Ce Doping
In this study,the reliabilities of low Ag SAC alloys doped with Mn or Ce (SACM or SACC) were evaluated under JEDEC drop,dynamic bending,thermal cycling,and cyclic bending test conditions agains
.. read more
Creep Corrosion of OSP and ImAg PWB Finishes
With increasing adoption of lead-free PWB surface finishes,along with increasing product deployments in more corrosive
environments,the electronics industry is observing increased occurrences o
.. read more
The Impact of Converting Flex Circuits From HASL to a RoHS Compliant Surface Finishes
This paper will explore the most common alternatives to hot air-leveled solder (HASL) as a finish for flex circuits and some of the issues one may want to be aware of when converting. Whether t
.. read more
Hot Air Solder Leveling in the Lead-free Era
Although the advantages of Hot Air Solder Leveling (HASL) in providing the most robust solderable finish for printed circuit boards are well recognized,in the years leading up to the implementa
.. read more
Selective Electroless Nickel and Gold Plating of Individual Integrated Circuits for Thermocompression Gold Stud Bump Flip-Chip Attachment
Flip chip bonding is the most desirable direct chip attachment approach for minimizing electronic assembly size as well as
improving device performance. For most prototyping applications it is
.. read more
Reliability and Microstructure of Lead-Free Solder Joints in Industrial Electronics after Accelerated Thermal Aging
The reliability of lead-free (LF) solder joints in surface-mounted device components (SMD) has been investigated after thermo-cycle testing. Kirkendall voids have been observed at the interface
.. read more
Long Term Reliability Analysis of Lead Free and Halogen Free Electronic Assemblies
The New England Lead Free Consortium,composed of many companies in the electronic supply chain in the regional area and chaired by the author; has embarked on an extensive long term reliability
.. read more
Industrial Backward Solution for Lead-Free Exempted AHP* Electronic Products
Since July 1st 2006,the 2002/95/EC RoHS European directive has forced the electronic industry to switch from Tin-Lead to lead-free soldering alloys for components assembly.
Exemption domains ha
.. read more
A Study of 0201’s and Tombstoning in Lead-Free Systems,Phase II Comparison of Final Finishes and Solder Paste Formulations
Tombstoning,the phenomena where a chip component stands up on one end during the reflow cycle,is well-documented and understood in tin-lead systems. It is reported to occur more frequently in l
.. read more
High Phosphorus Electroless Nickel for Selective ENIG (SENIG)
Concerns
There are some areas that must be accepted if planning to run the newest SENIG process:
- Slower plating rate in nickel (to get 150µ“ it will take 20 minutes)
- It works better at hig
.. read more
Industrial Backward Solution for Lead-Free Exempted AHP* Electronic Products
Since the European 2002/95/EC RoHS directive enforcement on 1st July 2006,a dominating part of the electronic industry suppressed the use of Pb in electronic equipment. As one of the consequenc
.. read more
Solder Joint Reliability of Pb-free Sn-Ag-Cu Ball Grid Array (BGA) Components in Sn-Pb Assembly Process
For companies that choose to take the Pb-free exemption under the European Union’s RoHS Directive and continue to manufacture tin-lead (Sn-Pb) electronic products,there is a growing concern abo
.. read more
Peel Strength of Deposited Adhesiveless FCCL,or,Why Don’t They Ever Say,“It Sticks Too Good?”
The peel test will be reviewed,with special attention given to deposited adhesiveless copperclads. Details of the specification are reviewed The relevance of the title subject will be addressed
.. read more
Effect of Design Variables on the Reliability of Lead Free Area Array Connectors
As the use of area array connectors has become more widespread in electronic assemblies,the need to evaluate their reliability has increased. There is,however,limited information on how best to
.. read more
Yet More Analysis from the Alternate Finishes Task Group Report on Time,Temperature and Humidity Stress of Final Board Finish Solderability
The data from the IPC Alternate Finishes Task Group Report “Time,Temperature and Humidity Stress for Final Finish Board Solderability” has been analyzed in a greater depth than in the actual re
.. read more
THE EFFECT OF FILLING VIA-IN-PAD ON VOIDING RATES IN PWB ASSEMBLY FOR BGA COMPONENTS
The debate on the effect of voiding on BGA reliability has continued for years. Many PWB assemblers strive to minimize voiding,particularly with the advent of lead-free processing and in fine f
.. read more
Performance of Photoimageable Solder Masks – A Study on Thermal Stress
The continuous temperature resistance of electrically insulating materials can be judged by examining the effect of thermal stress loads on the electrical properties,such as moisture and insula
.. read more
Black Pad and Revisiting Methodologies
Society today relies on electronic devices that influence every aspect of our lives,such as communication,transportation,computing,home appliances,and recreation. The reliability of any electro
.. read more
Wetting of Fresh and Aged Immersion Tin and Silver Surface Finishes by Sn/Ag/Cu Solder
The wetting of alternative PCB surface finishes,including immersion silver (I-Ag) and immersion tin (I-Sn),by
Sn/Ag/Cu solder and Sn/Pb solder,was studied in this work,along with electroless ni
.. read more
Challenges on ENEPIG Finished PCBs: Gold Ball Bonding and Pad Metal Lift
As a surface finish for PCBs,Electroless Nickel/Electroless Palladium/Immersion Gold (ENEPIG) was selected over Electroless Nickel/Immersion Gold (ENIG) for CMOS image sensor applications with
.. read more
Manufacturability and Reliability Screening of Lower Melting Point Pb-Free Alloys Containing Bi
This paper is the first of two papers discussing the Celestica/Honeywell Lower Melt Alloy program. The program explores the manufacturability and reliability for Pb-freethree Bi-containing allo
.. read more
Quantitative Analysis of Corrosion Resistance for Electroless Ni-P Plating
An electroless nickel (EN) layer is frequently used in various industrial applications. Commonly it is used as the barrier layer in electroless nickel/immersion gold (ENIG) as a solderability p
.. read more
Testing Intermetallic Fragility on Enig upon Addition of Limitless Cu
As reliability requirements increase,especially for defense and aerospace applications,the need to characterize components used in electronic assembly also increases. OEM and EMS companies look
.. read more
Is the ENIG Process Evil,or is it Maybe QA,Engineer or Sales Guy?
The case of processing issues with Electroless Nickel/Immersion Gold (ENIG) is well documented,even as it endures as a very popular surface finish. Certainly the market says that quality ENIG h
.. read more
Detailed Analysis of Impedance and Loss versus Frequency for Transmission Lines Made From Flexible Circuit Materials
With the emergence of high speed,controlled impedance circuits requiring increasingly tight tolerances,there is a realization among designers and fabricators that more precise data is needed th
.. read more
The Application of Spherical Bend Testing to Predict Safe Working Manufacturing Process Strains
The increased temperatures associated with lead free processes have produced significant challenges for PWB laminates.
Newly developed laminates have different curing processes,are commonly fil
.. read more
Wire Bonding and Soldering on Enepig and Enep Surface Finishes with Pure Pd- Layers
As a surface finish,electroless nickel / electroless palladium / immersion gold (ENEPIG) has received increased attention
for both packaging/IC-substrate and PWB applications. With a lower gold
.. read more
Corrosion Resistance of Different PCB Surface Finishes in Harsh Environments
Corrosion resistance is becoming one of the most important topics in the electronics industry. Corrosion results in field
failures and huge losses,which annually total several billion U.S. doll
.. read more
Nanotechnology for Lead-Free PWB Final Finishes with Organic Metal
The use of an Organic Metal finish only a few nano-meters deposited onto copper pads of printed circuit boards provides effective protection against oxidation and preserves solderability. The N
.. read more
Achieving High Reliability Low Cost Lead-Free SAC Solder Joints Via Mn Or Ce Doping
In this study,the reliabilities of low Ag SAC alloys doped with Mn or Ce (SACM or SACC) were evaluated under JEDEC drop,dynamic bending,thermal cycling,and cyclic bending test conditions agains
.. read more
Creep Corrosion of OSP and ImAg PWB Finishes
With increasing adoption of lead-free PWB surface finishes,along with increasing product deployments in more corrosive
environments,the electronics industry is observing increased occurrences o
.. read more
The Impact of Converting Flex Circuits From HASL to a RoHS Compliant Surface Finishes
This paper will explore the most common alternatives to hot air-leveled solder (HASL) as a finish for flex circuits and some of the issues one may want to be aware of when converting. Whether t
.. read more
Hot Air Solder Leveling in the Lead-free Era
Although the advantages of Hot Air Solder Leveling (HASL) in providing the most robust solderable finish for printed circuit boards are well recognized,in the years leading up to the implementa
.. read more
Selective Electroless Nickel and Gold Plating of Individual Integrated Circuits for Thermocompression Gold Stud Bump Flip-Chip Attachment
Flip chip bonding is the most desirable direct chip attachment approach for minimizing electronic assembly size as well as
improving device performance. For most prototyping applications it is
.. read more
Reliability and Microstructure of Lead-Free Solder Joints in Industrial Electronics after Accelerated Thermal Aging
The reliability of lead-free (LF) solder joints in surface-mounted device components (SMD) has been investigated after thermo-cycle testing. Kirkendall voids have been observed at the interface
.. read more
Long Term Reliability Analysis of Lead Free and Halogen Free Electronic Assemblies
The New England Lead Free Consortium,composed of many companies in the electronic supply chain in the regional area and chaired by the author; has embarked on an extensive long term reliability
.. read more
Industrial Backward Solution for Lead-Free Exempted AHP* Electronic Products
Since July 1st 2006,the 2002/95/EC RoHS European directive has forced the electronic industry to switch from Tin-Lead to lead-free soldering alloys for components assembly.
Exemption domains ha
.. read more
A Study of 0201’s and Tombstoning in Lead-Free Systems,Phase II Comparison of Final Finishes and Solder Paste Formulations
Tombstoning,the phenomena where a chip component stands up on one end during the reflow cycle,is well-documented and understood in tin-lead systems. It is reported to occur more frequently in l
.. read more
High Phosphorus Electroless Nickel for Selective ENIG (SENIG)
Concerns
There are some areas that must be accepted if planning to run the newest SENIG process:
- Slower plating rate in nickel (to get 150µ“ it will take 20 minutes)
- It works better at hig
.. read more
Industrial Backward Solution for Lead-Free Exempted AHP* Electronic Products
Since the European 2002/95/EC RoHS directive enforcement on 1st July 2006,a dominating part of the electronic industry suppressed the use of Pb in electronic equipment. As one of the consequenc
.. read more
Solder Joint Reliability of Pb-free Sn-Ag-Cu Ball Grid Array (BGA) Components in Sn-Pb Assembly Process
For companies that choose to take the Pb-free exemption under the European Union’s RoHS Directive and continue to manufacture tin-lead (Sn-Pb) electronic products,there is a growing concern abo
.. read more
Peel Strength of Deposited Adhesiveless FCCL,or,Why Don’t They Ever Say,“It Sticks Too Good?”
The peel test will be reviewed,with special attention given to deposited adhesiveless copperclads. Details of the specification are reviewed The relevance of the title subject will be addressed
.. read more
Effect of Design Variables on the Reliability of Lead Free Area Array Connectors
As the use of area array connectors has become more widespread in electronic assemblies,the need to evaluate their reliability has increased. There is,however,limited information on how best to
.. read more
Yet More Analysis from the Alternate Finishes Task Group Report on Time,Temperature and Humidity Stress of Final Board Finish Solderability
The data from the IPC Alternate Finishes Task Group Report “Time,Temperature and Humidity Stress for Final Finish Board Solderability” has been analyzed in a greater depth than in the actual re
.. read more
THE EFFECT OF FILLING VIA-IN-PAD ON VOIDING RATES IN PWB ASSEMBLY FOR BGA COMPONENTS
The debate on the effect of voiding on BGA reliability has continued for years. Many PWB assemblers strive to minimize voiding,particularly with the advent of lead-free processing and in fine f
.. read more
Performance of Photoimageable Solder Masks – A Study on Thermal Stress
The continuous temperature resistance of electrically insulating materials can be judged by examining the effect of thermal stress loads on the electrical properties,such as moisture and insula
.. read more
Black Pad and Revisiting Methodologies
Society today relies on electronic devices that influence every aspect of our lives,such as communication,transportation,computing,home appliances,and recreation. The reliability of any electro
.. read more
Wetting of Fresh and Aged Immersion Tin and Silver Surface Finishes by Sn/Ag/Cu Solder
The wetting of alternative PCB surface finishes,including immersion silver (I-Ag) and immersion tin (I-Sn),by
Sn/Ag/Cu solder and Sn/Pb solder,was studied in this work,along with electroless ni
.. read more