Improving Printed Circuit Board Plating with Eductor Agitation

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This paper will review eductor agitation systems at PWB installations to improve the electroplating of printed circuit boards.
Significant environmental and productivity improvements have been realized through the use of carefully engineered clusters
of eductor nozzles. Design parameters,materials of construction,turnover rates and pump selection will be discussed.
Reported benefits such as reduced airborne emissions,faster and more uniform plating rates and prevention of solution
stratification to improve filtration will be reviewed.

Author(s)
Charles Schultz
Resource Type
Technical Paper
Event
IPC APEX EXPO 2005

Characterization of Acid Copper Plating Solution for Via-Filling

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The use of acid copper plating process for via-filling effectively forms interlayer connection in build-up PWBs with
high-density interconnections. However,in the case of copper film deposited in a bath,which is greatly dependent on the
effects of additives like via-filling technique,the drop in mechanical properties and the increase in stress in electro-deposits
due to co-deposition of the additives are likely weaknesses. In view of such weaknesses,we concentrated our study on the
mechanical properties of the copper films plated in two types of conformal acid copper plating baths that have been in use for
some time and two types of acid copper plating baths for via-filling.
As a result,selection of suitable additives was confirmed to be of great importance for the acid copper plating bath for
via-filling. The use of the additives that easily deposit with copper was likely to cause drop in mechanical properties of the
film. On the other hand,the fact that the acid copper plating process for via-filling nevertheless deposits a film comparable to
that out of the recognized conformal type acid copper plating bath in the use of the most suitable additives was confirmed.

Author(s)
Hideki Hagiwara,Hideo Homma,Ryoichi Kimizuka
Resource Type
Technical Paper
Event
IPC APEX EXPO 2005

What makes the IPC Roadmap Unique?

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Have you ever been confused after you have read two or three different roadmaps and even though they were supposedly
mapping the same attribute in the same time periods,the numbers in the cells were different? Do you often wonder,“Do
these people ever talk to each other”?
Interestingly,even though different all of the roadmaps may be correct. The following list some of the reasons for the
differences and explains the uniqueness of the individual roadmaps.
Industry wide technology roadmapping,which is a fairly new activity in the U.S.,is believed to have been started in Detroit
in the late 80’s when the automotive industry asked their suppliers to present roadmaps of their future products. The focus of
many of these presentations was cost reduction not necessarily technology as the U.S. auto industry was in the middle of
severe cost cutting activities to increase their competitiveness.
There are now numerous national roadmaps. The steel industry,the aluminum industry,and the forging and casting industries
all have published technology roadmaps. In the electronics industry there is also a large number of roadmaps: The National
Electronics Manufacturing Initiative (NEMI) roadmap,The Association Connecting Electronics Industries (IPC) roadmap,
The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) roadmap,and the Japanese JISSO roadmap.
Gary S. Vasilash,as Editor - In – Chief of Automotive Manufacturing & Production Magazine once made two broad
statements supporting roadmaps. The first is,roadmaps provide a view to all levels of an organization that goes beyond the
immediate fires that need to be put out and keeping new fires from starting. The second comment was that roadmaps identify
areas where collaboration may be needed in order to achieve leapfrog,not natural incremental,development.
Mr. Ray Kammer,former Director National Institute of Standards and Technology has said “We at NIST love roadmaps…
Roadmaps help us guide our investments and to allocate our resources in accordance with U.S. industry’s priorities. And the
more detailed the roadmaps the better…”
Kammer also said,“The need for two way communication has not subsided. Technology and science are moving too fast.
Global competitive conditions are too fluid. Opportunities are too fleeting,and the technology gaps we must bridge are too
wide to leave communication to chance,or even to individual initiative. Both government and industry stand to gain from a
more systematic and more proactive approach to surveying the technology landscape in electronics.”
“From the government perspective,an example that pops quickly to mind is defense technology. As the Pentagon continues
to transition toward greater reliance on a commercial technology base,there is an even greater need for regular
communication between government and industry. Roadmaps facilitate this communication.”
The Defense department must be alert to trends and developments and to basic research supporting the entire scope of
electronic technologies. It must understand the manufacturing capabilities that underlie these technologies. It also must be
quick to identify research and technology gaps—specialized needs likely to go unaddressed in the commercial sector.
National Technology Roadmaps facilitate this need.

Author(s)
John T. Fisher
Resource Type
Technical Paper
Event
IPC APEX EXPO 2005

The European Roadmap

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A unified European roadmap for PWBs does not exist today. It is also most unlikely that a unified roadmap will available in a
foreseeable future time. However,the EIPC has worked together with many European companies and association to define
trends in technology based on the future needs of the industry. This paper will report on some of the trends that are included
in European company roadmaps and the HotCar project. More details have been documented in the European Technology
and Trend Report that has been put together by the German GMM VDE/VDI,the DGO,FED,ZVEI,the EITI as well as the
European Institute of Printed Circuit Boards. Leading companies involved in design of electronic equipment supported this
report. Also PCB fabricators,PCB assemblers as well as materials suppliers for PWBs and companies that develop latest
fabrication methods used to manufacture state-of-the-art electronic equipment. This paper will provide a snap shot on
developments that will impact the European Roadmap for PCBs and will help to guide electronic engineers to select the new
PCB technologies for advanced electronic devices.

Author(s)
Michael Weinhold
Resource Type
Technical Paper
Event
IPC APEX EXPO 2005

Japan’s JISSO Technology Roadmaps

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Japan has a long history of publishing very important technology roadmaps. Some of the Japanese roadmaps published in the
past are:
JPCA Roadmaps
Report on the Technology Roadmap for Advanced Systems Integration and Packaging English version 1998,translated by IPC.What Makes Dreams Come True? A roadmap of microvia technology published in 1998 JIEP Roadmaps
The Technology Roadmap for Electronic Packaging Technology in Japan (1999 – 2010) English version September 1998,translated by SEMI EIAJ / (JIETA – Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association) Report on Semiconductor Packaging Technologies,December 1996
Multi Media Vision 2005,March 1997 Report on MCM / KND Packaging Technologies,October 1997 In 1999 Japanese technologists decided to go to “JISSO”. JISSO is a made up word that means the total system integration. It
encompasses all relevant technologies,such as semiconductor ICs and their packages,other electronic components,PWB,materials,interconnecting structures,environmental protection,and system design.
This was a major decision on the part of the Japanese technology organizations. In 1999 and again in 2001 and 2003 there
has been a JISSO technology roadmap.
The first JISSO roadmap was published in 1999. The Japanese version was published in August 1999 and an English version followed in September 2000. The second JISSO roadmap was then published in April of 2001. This roadmap was also published in English. The 2003 JISSO roadmap was only published in Japanese.

Author(s)
Henry H. Utsunomiya
Resource Type
Technical Paper
Event
IPC APEX EXPO 2005

Development of the High Thermal Conduction Laminates for Large Current Board

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With the objective of developing high thermal conductive laminates capable of being used as high current-carrying wiring
boards for automotive and industrial applications,we identified the optimum blending method and optimum fillers for
biphenyl-type epoxy resin that possesses high thermal conductivity,and studied laminating conditions. As a result,we
established a method to achieve homogeneous dispersion and we manufactured prepregs that are devoid of coating
irregularities. In addition,we found fillers capable of achieving a maximum thermal conductivity of 7.5 W/m·K and thereby
enhanced both thermal conductivity and insulation resistance. Although copper-foil peel strength was reduced,we increased
its strength by means of the roughening of rolled copper. In addition,we were able to determine molding conditions such as
press temperature.

Author(s)
M. Ito,H. Yamanaka,M. Hattori,Y. Takahashi,Jun Kanai,M. Yonekura,M. Kamata,K. Fukushima,H. Takahashi,Y. Takezawa
Resource Type
Technical Paper
Event
IPC APEX EXPO 2005

20μm Prepreg Substrates for Ultra-Thin Insulated Single-Layer

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Recent increasing demand for miniaturization and multi-functionality of electronic devices has lead to higher PWBs circuit
density design,requiring thinner insulation layers,smaller via holes and finer wiring lines than ever before. So that the
prepregs used to compose PWBs require better drilling ability and higher insulation reliability in additions to the demands of
thinner fabric. To meet these requirements,ASAHI-SCHWEBEL has developed a new type of ultra-thin prepreg capable of
forming as thin as 20µm thick single insulation layer by using 10µm thick glass fabric obtained by our proprietary uniform
glass fabric spreading method. Furthermore,we have succeeded to render UV-YAG laser drilling ability to resin/glass fabric
prepregs without impairing problematic hole-to- hole insulation reliability by chemically finishing the glass fabric with
inorganic nano-particles. The values achieved are 50µm via hole capability and no failure after 350 hours at 121?,85RH%
under 5 volts applied with hole -to- hole length of less than 150µm. The mechanical properties of the developed prepregs,
especially rigidity and dimensional stability,are found to be much better than those of other organic substrates. We believe
that this new type of prepreg is best suited for not only current but also future PWBs material,such as for buried capacitor
laminates containing high dielectric constant compounds.

Author(s)
Shinichiro Tachibana,Daisuke Matsude,Yasuyuki Kimura
Resource Type
Technical Paper
Event
IPC APEX EXPO 2005

Internal Strain Free & Homogeneous Glass Fabrics for High Performance HDI Boards

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A recent trend of increasing circuit density,particularly in the areas of plastic packages and multi-layer boards,has resulted in
ceaseless demand of improved mechanical properties for laminates with improved quality and reduced cost. In general,
mechanical properties of laminates composed of glass fabrics and thermosetting resin are strongly dependent on the resin
shrinkage during thermal cure,asymmetrical structure of the laminates and inhomogeneous structure of the glass fabric made
by glass yarns having twist,a presumably main cause of internal strain in the glass fabrics. We conducted in depth studies
intended to correlate the characteristics of glass fabrics to the mechanical performance of laminates,and have succeeded in
developing new glass fabrics using zero twist yarn. We have combined it with our uniquely developed “MS process”,by
which a homogeneous distribution of glass fibers in the laminates can be obtained quite easily. Eliminating internal strain by
use of twist-free yarn and MS process,these new laminates have proved not only to reduce warp and twist by as much as
50% compared to conventional laminates,but also to improve mechanical properties such as dimensional stability with low
standard deviation and C.T.E. by ca. 2ppm. In addition,the new laminates have exhibited excellent micro-diameter drilling
capability,such as laser drilling and mechanical drilling with 0.1mm or less in diameter,with less drill bit breakage and
uniform via side-wall.

Author(s)
Shinji Yoshikawa,Yoshinori Gondoh,Yasuyuki Kimura
Resource Type
Technical Paper
Event
IPC APEX EXPO 2005

New Circuit Formation Technology for High Density PWB

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To meet future requirements for PWBs,various technologies of processes,materials and tools of PWBs have been discussed.
Especially important are technologies of circuit formation for high-end PWBs. Industrially the circuit formation method for
fine pattern has been changed,in these years,from the subtractive process to the Semi -Additive Process (SAP). SAP can
form finer circuits because it doesn’t cause side etching that is the problem of subtractive method. However the flash etching
process of SAP causes other problems such as short defects due to residual seed metal layer between circuits,circuit etching
and circuit delamination due to etching. Also,because of the roughness of the insulator surface that the circuits are formed
on,there are not only difficulties for fine circuits formation but loss of an electrical property.
In this paper,a new circuit formation method is discussed to overcome the problems that the flash etching process of SAP
causes. It does not need flash etching process therefore it can form finer patterns. The capability of this fine line circuit
formation depends upon the photo pattern resist resolution and was confirmed to perform well at L/S(Line/Space) = 10/10um
or less. Also the circuit pattern is buried in the insulator layer and is planer with the insulator surface,therefore the circuits
have high peel strength with insulator and there is less damage by manufacturing equipment or handling between processes.
This method is applicable to build up PCBs and FCPs as a circuit formation technology that meets future requirements.

Author(s)
Ryoichi Watanabe and Hong Won Kim
Resource Type
Technical Paper
Event
IPC APEX EXPO 2005

Reliability and Requirement of HDI Blind Hole

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Nowadays there are two major ways to achieve the conducting function of HDI Blind Hole One is to employ conducting
metal paste to fill in the blind holes after laser drilling. The other is to fill those mechanical drill holes by means of
conventional PTH technology. Referring to the second way,we discuss how to assess and assure the hole reliability in this
article using several methods of research,we try to demonstrate the relation between the reliability and some requirement
such as blind hole size,copper plating thickness,connecting area of pad in inner layer,under cut,and so on. We hope to
provide sufficient information for the design of blind holes and a set of reasonable design and manufacturing requirements.
When you call your family or friend for an urgent issue using your cell phone outdoors,if your cell phone suddenly does not
work suddenly,no voice,no signal,shut down automatically,and so on,it may cause you to hit the ceiling. This is
particularly true if you try again and the problem is same. Of course,the cell phone maker would rather not leave any bad
impressions in the eye of consumer,especially in the reliability of the phone’s performance.
Why a cell phone does not work suddenly has many reasons. As to the PCB,it may have a circuit connection problem. This is
particularly true in the case of blind holes for HDI that are not easy to find or test. In this article,we discuss the reliability of
blind holes that are formed on the outer layers with HDI technology as well as for those mechanical drilled holes produced by
means of conventional PTH technology. Applying several research techniques based on mass production conditions we will
determine which factors impact reliability and determine what are the reliable design parameter for blind holes that can insure
they can withstand a series of critical test conditions.

Author(s)
Ma Zhibin,Ye Liting
Resource Type
Technical Paper
Event
IPC APEX EXPO 2005