- Production Processes
- Manual Production Line (2000)
- Fully Automated System (today)
- Cell Interconnection
- Encapsulation Materials
- Encapsulation Process
- Influence of Temperature
- Encapsulation Equipment
- Edge Trimming Equipment
- Setting J-Box
- Framing Equipment
- Testing Equipment

Some ball grid array suppliers are migrating their sphere alloys from SAC305 (3% Ag) or SAC405 (4% Ag) to alloys with lower silver contents. There are numerous perceived reliability benefits to this move,but process compatibility and thermal fatigue reliability have yet to be fully demonstrated.
The current study has been undertaken to characterize the influence of alloy type and reflow parameters on low-silver SAC
spheres assembled with backward and forward compatible pastes and reflow profiles. This study combines low-silver sphere materials with tin-lead and lead-free SAC305 solder pastes under varied reflow conditions. Solder joint formation and reliability are assessed to provide a basis for developing practical reflow processing guidelines and to assist in solder joint reliability assessments.
This is the fifth report in a series being published as results become available,and presents the preliminary results of the thermal cycling portion of the test program. Thermal cycling conditions include both 0 to 100oC and -40 to 125oC,with 10 minute dwell times.

In this study,the reliabilities of low Ag SAC alloys doped with Mn or Ce (SACM or SACC) were evaluated under JEDEC drop,dynamic bending,thermal cycling,and cyclic bending test conditions against eutectic SnPb,SAC105,and SAC305 alloys. The Mn or Ce doped low cost SAC105 alloys achieved a higher drop test and dynamic bending test reliability than SAC105 and SAC305,and exceeded SnPb for some test conditions. More significantly,being a slightly doped SAC105,both SACM and SACC matched SAC305 in thermal cycling performance. In other words,the low cost SACM and SACC achieved a better drop test performance than the low Ag SAC alloys plus the desired thermal cycling reliability of high Ag
SAC alloys. The mechanism for high drop performance and high thermal cycling reliability can be attributed to a stabilized
microstructure,with uniform distribution of fine IMC paricles,presumably through the inclusion of Mn or Ce in the IMC. The cyclic bending results showed SAC305 being the best,and all lead-free alloys are equal or superior to SnPb. The reliability test results also showed that NiAu is a preferred surface finish for BGA packages over OSP.

Thermal cycling tests were conducted using two different ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) test vehicles having balls comprised of nine different Pb free solder alloys. The experiment was designed as a screening experiment to obtain data comparing thermal fatigue reliability of the various solder ball alloys. The test matrix was dominated by commercial SnAgCu (SAC) alloys but also included other high,low,and no-Ag alloys. The surface mount assembly was done with SAC305 (Sn3Ag0.5Cu) solder paste. The thermal cycling data,Weibull analyses,and metallographic failure analysis indicate that the best thermal fatigue performance was obtained with higher Ag alloys.

#NAME?

Current carrying capacity in printed board design is technology dependent and an element of printed circuit board thermal
management. Conductor temperature rise as a function of current is dependent on the number of copper plane layers in the board,how the board is mounted,the ambient environment (air or vacuum),board thickness,board material,conductor thickness,and conductor width. How does one go about creating a single standard for something that is so variable dependent?
IPC2152,Standard for Determining Current-Carrying Capacity in Printed Board Design,begins with a baseline configuration that provides a conservative method for sizing conductors for carrying current in printed circuits. New charts included in IPC-2152 are based on tests conducted on traces in boards with no copper planes,suspended in still air as well as in vacuum. The baseline represents a defined board thickness,board material,conductor width and thickness,as well as variations with respect to those variables.
IPC-2152 is a technology enabler. Through the use of computer modeling and information within IPC-2152 and the Appendix,current carrying capacity design guidelines can be optimized for any variation in printed circuit technology. Until the publication of IPC-2152 this was not possible with the available public information.

• The standard covers marking and labellingof both tin-lead and lead-free components,boards and solders used in 2ndlevel assembly.
• Other areas covered include board base material type and surface finish,conformal coating and component temperature rating.
• A major update of IPC JEDECJ-STD-609A has been the addition of the e8 material code which helps to describe and clarify materials codes for e1 and e2 together with e8 in terms of silver content.
–e1–SnAgCu alloys with silver content greater than 1.5% and no other intentionally added elements e.g. Sn3Ag0.5Cu
–e2-tin (Sn) alloys with no bismuth (Bi) nor zinc (Zn),excluding tin-silver-copper (SnAgCu) alloys described in e1 and e8 e.g. Sn3.5Ag
–e8-SnAgCu alloys with silver content less than or equal to 1.5%,with or without intentionally added alloying elements with no bismuth(Bi) or zinc (Zn) e.g. Sn1Ag0.5Cu

• The Information Process
• Knowing the jargon (terms & definitions)
• Defining the requirements
• Expansion of Documentation standards
• Document Grade and Completeness
• Relationship of CAD/CAM Data Standards
• Feed back mechanisms (archiving)
• Future activity

This paper will focus on understanding the dielectric constant (dk) of high frequency laminate materials. The dissipation factor (df) and other electrical properties will be discussed as well,however in less detail. There are many different methods that can be used to determine these properties and each of them have their own capabilities and potential shortcomings. And if a very accurate dk value is found,by the nature of the high frequency circuit design,it may experience a slightly different value. This paper is formatted in three sections. The first is discussion on the effects of circuit design,as it relates to variation of dk. Next is test methods used for testing the high frequency laminate materials. And third will be discussion on the substrate construction and how that can affect dk values. Two of the most common test methods will be discussed,as well as their capabilities and results on varying types of materials. Also some variation of these test methods will be shown in order to have enhanced testing capabilities. The test methods discussed will be from IPC-TM-650 and they are the clamped stripline resonator and the full sheet resonator (FSR) test. Microstrip transmission line testing will be discussed as well.

In this paper,ITEQ demonstrates outstanding performance of new halogen-free and low loss laminates,IT-258GA,IT-168G,and IT-150D,for the coming halogen free generation,and higher frequency applications. Especially,IT-258GA exhibits excellent thermal reliability,and very suitable for LCD,NB,consumer electronics. IT-168G is the pioneer product with halogen-free and low Dk/Df values.