There are a number of organic,inorganic,and hybrid inorganic waveguide materials that are currently being used for
a wide variety of optical interconnect applications. Depending upon the approach,waveguide formation is
performed using a combination of lithographic and/or reactive ion etch (RIE) techniques. Often the processes
involved with waveguide formation require unique processing conditions,hazardous process chemicals,and
specialized pieces of capital equipment. In addition,many of the materials have been optimized for silicon substrates
but are not compatible with printed wire board (PWB) substrates and processes.
We have developed compositions and processes suitable for the creation of optical,planar waveguides on both
silicon and PWB substrates. Based on silicate technology,these compositions use lithographic techniques to define
waveguides,including aqueous,alkaline development. The resulting planar waveguides take advantage of the glasslike
nature of silicate chemistry wedded with the simplicity of standard lithographic processes. Attenuation at typical
wavelengths has been found to compete well with the non-silicate-based technologies available today. Single-mode
(SM) and multi-mode (MM) waveguides with losses ranging from 0.5 dB/cm @ 1550nm,0.15 dB/cm @1320nm,
and <0.1 @ 850nm are feasible. Composition,process and physical properties such as optical,thermal and
mechanical properties will be discussed.

Multiple soldering assembly steps are essentially
standard for PWBs based on current technologies and
needs. A variety of tests are currently in use to
evaluate the performance of finished PWBs,and
indirectly,the materials and material performance of
the substrate laminate materials used. These tests,as
exemplified by the “6 X 288°C Thermal Shock Test”
currently in vogue,tend to focus on via and
interconnect reliability. These tests are also often
combined with life-cycle testing,such as traditional
thermal cycling or IST testing,to gauge in-use
reliability performance,again focusing on PWB
reliability. Substrate materials have an inherent
ability to pass or fail these various tests but with a
high dependence on PWB design and the production
processes used to produce the PWB. The maximum
ability of a substrate to perform to a certain level can
be viewed as the performance entitlement of that
substrate. A PWB fabricated from a given substrate
material can meet the performance entitlement of that
material but never exceed it. The work presented in
this paper is primarily an attempt to develop new
analytical test methods to determine the performance
entitlement of various laminate substrate materials.
Conclusions presented focus primarily on the test
methods under investigation and only on the
observed differences where the results seem to point
to obvious conclusions that are consistent with prior
art and experience.

A new oxide chemistry has been developed which
solves many of the annoying properties of the
currently available alternate oxides. The process is
simple to operate,even simpler to maintain,requires
less chemistry,manages to be easier on the
innerlayers,is highly conducive to waste treatment,
and is significantly lower in cost. And although the
cost of the chemistry is significantly lower,the
biggest savings will be in the reduction of the waste
treatment costs. However,the rumors that use of the
chemistry can cure,or even prevent,cancer must be
vigorously denied,pending further testing.

Solder is used in polyimide-based flexible circuits for interconnect applications. But it cannot be used with polyester
and epoxy based substrates because of the low temperature tolerance of these substrates. Conductive adhesives offer
the best alternative for this application because they can be processed at lower temperature. Other advantages
provided by conductive adhesives are lead-free,no flux/no cleaning,and fine pitch application. There are two types
of conductive adhesives in the market. Type I is the traditional conductive adhesive used predominately with
expensive components on ceramic substrates. These high cost components are terminated with noble metals such as
Au,Pd or Pt that offer no corrosion concern under 85°C/85%RH. To reduce the cost of components,eutectic solder
or high tin solder is used as termination metal. Unfortunately,these non-noble metals are subject to corrosion that
causes unstable electrical performance when the type I conductive adhesives are used as the interconnect. This
shortcoming triggered the development of type II "solder alternative" conductive adhesives that exhibit stable
contact resistance with Sn/Pb-terminated components under various environments including 85°C/85%RH. This
case study focuses on the development of an advanced type II conductive adhesive and its use as an interconnect on
polyester-based flexible circuits. Adhesives are applied by high-speed stencil printing followed by low temperature
cure for a short time. Stable electrical performance and adhesion performance with Sn/Pb terminated components
are demonstrated under several environmental conditions. The effects of application and processing conditions on
adhesive performance are typically overlooked while making adhesive selection. This study includes the results of
the electrical and mechanical performances under various curing profiles and various stages of stencil printing.

Adhesiveless copper on polyimide substrates are used extensively for high density,flexible circuit applications. A
typical construction includes the polyimide substrate,a thin vacuum deposited metal tiecoat,a copper seedcoat,and
an electrodeposited copper layer. One or both sides of the polyimide may be metallized,and very thin copper can be
provided in order to facilitate formation of fine-line features. Since metal layers are direct deposited,not laminated,
the copper profile and bond treatment typically associated with copper foils are not present between metal and
dielectric. Adhesion between metallization and dielectric is achieved by performing plasma pretreatment prior to
metallization,and by the selection of a suitable tiecoat metal. Tiecoat metal is especially important to minimize
adhesion losses associated with circuit processing and subsequent environmental exposures. In this work,
characteristics of copper on polyimide substrates with nickel-chromium tiecoat are investigated. Adhesion,before
and after exposure to elevated temperature,pressure cooker conditions,and gold plating,is determined as a function
of tiecoat thickness. Additional characteristics,including etching performance and a practical example of using the
material to manufacture a high-density circuit,are discussed.

Failure analyses of the leadfree and SnPb solder joints of high-density packages such as the PBGA (plastic ball grid
array) and the CCGA (ceramic column grid array) soldered on SnCu HASL (hot-air solder leveling) ENIG
(electroless nickel-immersion gold) or NiAu,and OSP (organic solderability preservative) Enteek PCBs (printed
circuit boards) are presented. Emphasis is placed on determining the failure locations,failure mode,and IMC
(intermetallic compound) of these high-density packages’ solder joints after they have been through 7500 cycles of
temperature cycling. The present results will be compared with those obtained from temperature cycling and finite
element analysis.

Temperature cycling test and statistical analysis of various high-density packages on PCBs with SnCu HASL,NiAu,
and OSP finishes are investigated in this study. Emphasis is placed on the determination of the life distribution and
reliability of the lead-free solder joints of these high-density package assemblies while they are subjected to
temperature conditions. A data acquisition system,failure criterion,and data extraction method will be presented
and examined. The life test data is best fitted to the Weibull distribution. Also,the sample mean,population mean,
sample characteristic life,true characteristic life,sample Weibull slope,and true Weibull slope for some of the highdensity
packages are provided and discussed. Furthermore,the relationship between the reliability and the
confidence for a life distribution is established. Finally,the confidences for comparing the quality (mean life) of
lead-free solder joints of high-density packages are determined.

The lead-free solder-joint reliability of the high-density packages,256-pin PBGA (plastic ball grid array),388-pin
PBGA,and 1657-pin CCGA (ceramic column grid array),on PCB (printed circuit board) subjected to temperature
cycling is investigated. Emphasis is placed on the determination of the creep responses (e.g.,stress,strain,and strain
energy density) of the lead-free solder joints of these packages. The lead-free solder is assumed to obey the
Garofalo-Arrhenius creep constitutive law. The results presented herein should be useful for a better understanding
of the thermal-mechanical behaviors of the lead-free solder joints in these high-density package assemblies.

The High Density Packaging Users Group (HDPUG) has conducted a substantial study of solder joint reliability of
high-density packages using lead-free solder. The design,material,and assembly process aspects of the project are
addressed in this paper. The details on the design are addressed from the aspect of the considerations taken in the
design process,and not just the design details. The components studied include many SMT (surface mount
technology) package types,various lead and PCB (printed circuit board) finishes and paste-in-hole assembly. The
assembly process addresses lead-free assembly process,inspection and analysis of these boards and packages. Leadfree
transition issues are also discussed.

With the advent of hard die coated microelectronic assemblies; the ability to perform visual inspections for quality control
and failure analysis has been seriously hindered. Analysts have had to utilize X-ray inspection,cross sections,and chemical
decapsulation to discover what defects are hidden under the hard die coat. X-ray analysis cannot see aluminum bond wires or
areas of delamination on and under the electronic components and substrates. Cross sections and chemical decapsulation
techniques are destructive and will alter the physical condition and electrical operation of the assembly.
Using an acoustic microscope,recent analytical work has been able to identify individual components involved in high
voltage electrical overstress events,evaluate silver epoxy die attach dispense patterns,inspect epoxy bleed out for shorting
between components,detect wire sweep in aluminum bond wires,and locate fused copper traces within the top three layers of
a printed wire board assembly.
This presentation will discuss the imaging requirements through hard die coated assemblies,the physical process variations
and failure mechanisms which may be present,and the acoustic microscopy techniques which can be used to see through the
hard die coat and successfully document them.